Karyotype analysis of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.)
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Published:
Jun 30, 2017
Keywords:
Xanthium Chromosome number
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the mitotic chromosome number, morphometric parameters, and karyotypes of Xanthium strumarium and make contributions to other multidisciplinary studies on the genus.
Material and Methods: The seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in Petri dishes at 25°C. Actively growing root tips were pre-treated with aqueous paradichlorobenzene for 4h at room temperature. Then, the root tips were fixed with acetic alcohol (1:3 glacial acetic acid–absolute ethanol) for at least 24 h at 4°C, hydrolysed in 1 N HCl at 60°C for 3 min, then rinsed in tap water for 3–5 min. Finally, they were stained in Feulgen for 1 h and mounted in 45% acetic acid. Digital microphotographs from at least five well-spread metaphase plates were taken using an Olympus BX51 microscope and were recorded with an Olympus Camedia C-4000 digital camera.
Results: The chromosome number is determined as 2n = 36 for this taxon. The karyotype consists of 16 median region (m) and 2 submedian region (sm) chromosomes. The metaphase chromosome length ranges from 2.30 to 4.03 μm, longest to shortest chromosome ratio is 1.7:1.1, total karyotype length (TKL) 54.76 mm and the karyotype symmetry is type 1A.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the chromosome number of Xanthium strumarium is 2n=36. Satellites were not observed in the karyotype of this species.Identifying the chromosome number of this species in this study provides a base for biosystematic studies.
Article Details
How to Cite
Kiran, Y. ., & Dogan, G. (2017). Karyotype analysis of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.). Natural Science and Discovery, 3(3), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.20863/nsd.v3i3.54
Section
Research Article
References
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4654785 53. Gupta RC, Kataria V, Mehra A. Cytomorphological studies in some gamopetalous species of Western Himalaya: An attempt to add new or varied cytotypes. Chromosome Botany. 2012; 7(2):59-65. misc
4654784 52. Alam SS, Sukur, MB, Zaman, MY. Karyotype analysis in 2 morphological forms of Xanthium strumarium L. Cytologia. 2011; 76(4):483-488. misc
4654783 51. Joshi KK, Joshi SD. Genetic heritage of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Himalayas, Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu: Nepal; 2001. misc
4654782 50. Bennett MD, Leitch IJ, Hanson L. DNA amounts in two samples of Angiosperm weeds. Ann Bot. 1998; 82 (Suppl. A):121-134. misc
4654781 48. Jose JC, Mathew PM. Chromosome numbers in the south Indian Heliantheae (Compositae). Compositae Newslett. 1995; 27:7-10. 49. Badr A, Kamel EA, Garcia-Jacas N. Chromosome stusies in the Egyptian Flora. IV. Karyotype features of some species in subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae). Compositae Newslett. 1997; 30:15-28. misc
4654780 47. Baltisbarger M. Chromosome numbers in some species from Greece. Bot Chron (Patras). 1994; 11:15-29. misc
4654779 46.Probatova NS, Sokolovskaia AP. Chromosome numbers in some representatives of the families Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Scrophularoaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae from the Soviet Far East. (in Russian). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad). 1990; 75(11):1619-1622. misc
4654778 45. Mathew A, Mathew PH. Cytological studies on the south Indian Compositae. Glimpses Plant Res. 1998; 8:1-177. misc
4654777 44. Bakale VL, Srinivasu T. Mitotic and karyological studies in Xanthium strumarium L. Adv Plant Sci. 1988; 1:201-207. misc
4654776 43. Lomonosova MN. In K. Marhold and I. Breitwieser (eds.): IAPT/IOPB Chromosome data 16. Taxon. 2013; 62(6):1357. misc
4654775 42. Love A, Love D. In Love, A.(ed.): IOPB Chromosome number reports. LXXV. Taxon. 1982; 31(2): 342-368. misc
4654774 41. Bir SS, Sidhu M. Cyto-palynological studies on weed flora of cultivable lands of Patiala district (Punjab). J Palynology. 1980; 16:85-105. misc
4654773 40. Sidhu MK. Distributional and cytological studies of the weed flora of cultivable field of Patiala district (Panjab). Ph. D. Thesis, Punjabi University: Patiala -India; 1979. misc
4654772 39. Rostoutseva TS. Chromosome numbers of some species of the family Asteraceae Dumort. Bot Zhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad) 1979; 64(4):582-589. misc
4654771 37. Ishıkawa M. A list of the number of chromosomes. Bot Mag Tokyo (J Plant Res.) 1916; 30(360): 404. 38. Skalinska M, Malecka J, Izmailow R. et al. Further studies in chromosome numbers of polish angiosperms X. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot. 1974; 17:133-164. misc
4654770 36. Singhal VK, Garg P, Kumar P. Cytological studies of some dicots from the hills of Mandi district (Himachal Pradesh) in Northwest Indian Himalayas. Cytologia. 2013; 78(1):1-14. misc
4654769 35. Bala S, Gupta G. Male meiosis and chromosome number in Asteraceae family from district Kangra of H.P. (Western Himalayas). Int J Bot Res. 2013; 3(1):43-58. misc
4654768 34. Bala S, Gupta G. In K. Marhold (ed.): IAPT/IOPB Chromosome data 12. Taxon. 2011; 60(6):1784-1796. misc
4654767 33. Razaq ZA, Vahidy AA, Ali DH. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Pakistan. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 1994; 81(4):800-808. misc
4654766 32. Sarker AK, Datta N, Chatterjee U, Hazra D. In Love, A. (ed.):IOPB Chromosome number reports. LXXVI. Taxon. 1982; 31(3):574-598. misc
4654765 31. http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/infolib/meta_pub/G0000003 misc
4654764 30. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN misc
4654763 29. Stebbins GL. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. London, UK: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; 1971. misc
4654762 28. Romero-Zarco C. A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon. 1986; 35: 526-530. misc
4654761 27. Levan A, Fredga K, Sanberg AA. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas. 1964; 52(2):201-220. misc
4654760 26. Kamboj A, Saluja AK. Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L. (Cocklebur). Int J of Green Pharmacy. 2010; 4:129-139. misc
4654759 25. Zhu YP. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers: Amsterdam; 1998. misc
4654758 24. Klimakhin GI, Fonin VS, Maslyakov VY, Fadeev NB, Semikin VV, Pelgunova LA. Biochemical features of common cocklebur (Xanthıum strumarium L.) Pharmaceutical Chemistry J. 2015; 49(8):32-35. misc
4654757 23. Ladynina EA. Wisdom of Herbs, Herbal Cures and Homeopathy [in Russian], AIF Print, Moscow. 2003; 216-217. misc
4654756 22. Sato Y, Oketani H, Yamada T, Singyouchi KI, Ohtsubo T, Kihara M, et al. A Xanthanolide with potent antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997; 49(10):1042–1044. misc
4654755 21. Roussakis C, Chinou I, Vayas C, Harvala C, Verbist J. Cytotoxic activity of xanthatin and the crude extracts of Xanthium strumarium. Planta Med. 1994; 60(5):473. misc
4654754 20. Lavault M, Landreau A, Larcher G, Bouchara JP, Pagniez F, Le P, et al. Antileishmanial and antifungal activities of xanthanolides isolated from Xanthium macrocarpum. Fitoterapia. 2005; 76(3):363-366. misc
4654753 17. Harada A, Sakata K, Ina H, Ina K. Isolation and identification of xanthatin as an anti-attaching repellent against blue mussel. Agric Biol Chem. 1985; 49(6):1887–1888. 18. Kawazu K, Nakajima S, Ariwa M. Xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin as insect development inhibitors from Xanthium canadense Mill. Experientia. 1979; 35(10):1294–1295. 19. Kim H, Lee I, Yeo S, Seong L, Yu T. Isolation and characterization of antitumor agents from Xanthium strumarium L. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003; 18:324-328. misc
4654752 15. Yin MH, Kang DG, Choi DH, Kwon TO, Lee HS. Screening of vasorelaxant activity of some medicinal plants used in oriental medicines. J of Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 99(1):113-117. 16. Rodriguez E, Towers G, Mitchell J. Biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones. Phytochemistry. 1976; 15(11):1573–1580. misc
4654751 14. Ma YT, Huang MC, Hsu FL, Chang HF. Thiazinedione from Xanthium strumarium. Phytochemistry. 1998; 48(6):1083–1085. misc
4654750 13. Gautam R, Saklani A, Jachak SM. Indian medicinal plants as a source of antimycobacterial agents. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 110(2):200-34. misc
4654749 12. Chandel S, Bagai U, Vashishat N. Antiplasmodial activity of Xanthium strumarium against Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110(3):1179-83. misc
4654748 11. Shrivastava KS, Krisnamurthy RS, Haksar CN. J Sci Ind Res Sect B. 1957; 16: 427. misc
4654747 10. Ladynina EA. Wisdom of Herbs, Herbal Cures and Homeopathy [in Russian], AIF Print, Moscow. 2003; 216–217. misc
4654746 9. Makhlayuk VP. Medicinal Plants in Folk Medicine [in Russian], Povolzhskoe Kn. Izd. Saratov. 1991; 131-132. misc
4654745 8. Plant resources of Russia, Wild Flowering Plants, Their Quantitative Composition and Biological Activity [in Russian]. Vol. 5. Part 2. St. Petersburg, Moscow. 2013; 139-141. misc
4654744 7. Flora of the Ussr [In Russian]. Vol. 25. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. 1959; 521. misc
4654743 6. Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island, Vol. 5. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh; 1975. misc
4654742 5. Oudhia P, Dixit A. Weeds in Ambimkapur region (Madhya Pradesh) and their traditional use. Weed News. 1994; 1:19-21. misc
4654741 3. Love D, Dansureau P. Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Can J Bot. 1959; 37:173-208. 4. Prain D. Bengal plants-II, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1903; 607-608. misc
4654740 2. Caius JF. Medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Pbl Sci Publ Jodhpur India. 1986; 375-376. misc
4654739 1. Weaver SE, Lechowich MJ. The biology of Canadian weeds. 56. Xanthium strumarium L. J Plant Sci. 1982; 63:211-225.
4654785 53. Gupta RC, Kataria V, Mehra A. Cytomorphological studies in some gamopetalous species of Western Himalaya: An attempt to add new or varied cytotypes. Chromosome Botany. 2012; 7(2):59-65. misc
4654784 52. Alam SS, Sukur, MB, Zaman, MY. Karyotype analysis in 2 morphological forms of Xanthium strumarium L. Cytologia. 2011; 76(4):483-488. misc
4654783 51. Joshi KK, Joshi SD. Genetic heritage of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Himalayas, Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu: Nepal; 2001. misc
4654782 50. Bennett MD, Leitch IJ, Hanson L. DNA amounts in two samples of Angiosperm weeds. Ann Bot. 1998; 82 (Suppl. A):121-134. misc
4654781 48. Jose JC, Mathew PM. Chromosome numbers in the south Indian Heliantheae (Compositae). Compositae Newslett. 1995; 27:7-10. 49. Badr A, Kamel EA, Garcia-Jacas N. Chromosome stusies in the Egyptian Flora. IV. Karyotype features of some species in subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae). Compositae Newslett. 1997; 30:15-28. misc
4654780 47. Baltisbarger M. Chromosome numbers in some species from Greece. Bot Chron (Patras). 1994; 11:15-29. misc
4654779 46.Probatova NS, Sokolovskaia AP. Chromosome numbers in some representatives of the families Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Scrophularoaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae from the Soviet Far East. (in Russian). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad). 1990; 75(11):1619-1622. misc
4654778 45. Mathew A, Mathew PH. Cytological studies on the south Indian Compositae. Glimpses Plant Res. 1998; 8:1-177. misc
4654777 44. Bakale VL, Srinivasu T. Mitotic and karyological studies in Xanthium strumarium L. Adv Plant Sci. 1988; 1:201-207. misc
4654776 43. Lomonosova MN. In K. Marhold and I. Breitwieser (eds.): IAPT/IOPB Chromosome data 16. Taxon. 2013; 62(6):1357. misc
4654775 42. Love A, Love D. In Love, A.(ed.): IOPB Chromosome number reports. LXXV. Taxon. 1982; 31(2): 342-368. misc
4654774 41. Bir SS, Sidhu M. Cyto-palynological studies on weed flora of cultivable lands of Patiala district (Punjab). J Palynology. 1980; 16:85-105. misc
4654773 40. Sidhu MK. Distributional and cytological studies of the weed flora of cultivable field of Patiala district (Panjab). Ph. D. Thesis, Punjabi University: Patiala -India; 1979. misc
4654772 39. Rostoutseva TS. Chromosome numbers of some species of the family Asteraceae Dumort. Bot Zhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad) 1979; 64(4):582-589. misc
4654771 37. Ishıkawa M. A list of the number of chromosomes. Bot Mag Tokyo (J Plant Res.) 1916; 30(360): 404. 38. Skalinska M, Malecka J, Izmailow R. et al. Further studies in chromosome numbers of polish angiosperms X. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot. 1974; 17:133-164. misc
4654770 36. Singhal VK, Garg P, Kumar P. Cytological studies of some dicots from the hills of Mandi district (Himachal Pradesh) in Northwest Indian Himalayas. Cytologia. 2013; 78(1):1-14. misc
4654769 35. Bala S, Gupta G. Male meiosis and chromosome number in Asteraceae family from district Kangra of H.P. (Western Himalayas). Int J Bot Res. 2013; 3(1):43-58. misc
4654768 34. Bala S, Gupta G. In K. Marhold (ed.): IAPT/IOPB Chromosome data 12. Taxon. 2011; 60(6):1784-1796. misc
4654767 33. Razaq ZA, Vahidy AA, Ali DH. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Pakistan. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 1994; 81(4):800-808. misc
4654766 32. Sarker AK, Datta N, Chatterjee U, Hazra D. In Love, A. (ed.):IOPB Chromosome number reports. LXXVI. Taxon. 1982; 31(3):574-598. misc
4654765 31. http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/infolib/meta_pub/G0000003 misc
4654764 30. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN misc
4654763 29. Stebbins GL. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. London, UK: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; 1971. misc
4654762 28. Romero-Zarco C. A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon. 1986; 35: 526-530. misc
4654761 27. Levan A, Fredga K, Sanberg AA. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas. 1964; 52(2):201-220. misc
4654760 26. Kamboj A, Saluja AK. Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L. (Cocklebur). Int J of Green Pharmacy. 2010; 4:129-139. misc
4654759 25. Zhu YP. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers: Amsterdam; 1998. misc
4654758 24. Klimakhin GI, Fonin VS, Maslyakov VY, Fadeev NB, Semikin VV, Pelgunova LA. Biochemical features of common cocklebur (Xanthıum strumarium L.) Pharmaceutical Chemistry J. 2015; 49(8):32-35. misc
4654757 23. Ladynina EA. Wisdom of Herbs, Herbal Cures and Homeopathy [in Russian], AIF Print, Moscow. 2003; 216-217. misc
4654756 22. Sato Y, Oketani H, Yamada T, Singyouchi KI, Ohtsubo T, Kihara M, et al. A Xanthanolide with potent antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997; 49(10):1042–1044. misc
4654755 21. Roussakis C, Chinou I, Vayas C, Harvala C, Verbist J. Cytotoxic activity of xanthatin and the crude extracts of Xanthium strumarium. Planta Med. 1994; 60(5):473. misc
4654754 20. Lavault M, Landreau A, Larcher G, Bouchara JP, Pagniez F, Le P, et al. Antileishmanial and antifungal activities of xanthanolides isolated from Xanthium macrocarpum. Fitoterapia. 2005; 76(3):363-366. misc
4654753 17. Harada A, Sakata K, Ina H, Ina K. Isolation and identification of xanthatin as an anti-attaching repellent against blue mussel. Agric Biol Chem. 1985; 49(6):1887–1888. 18. Kawazu K, Nakajima S, Ariwa M. Xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin as insect development inhibitors from Xanthium canadense Mill. Experientia. 1979; 35(10):1294–1295. 19. Kim H, Lee I, Yeo S, Seong L, Yu T. Isolation and characterization of antitumor agents from Xanthium strumarium L. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003; 18:324-328. misc
4654752 15. Yin MH, Kang DG, Choi DH, Kwon TO, Lee HS. Screening of vasorelaxant activity of some medicinal plants used in oriental medicines. J of Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 99(1):113-117. 16. Rodriguez E, Towers G, Mitchell J. Biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones. Phytochemistry. 1976; 15(11):1573–1580. misc
4654751 14. Ma YT, Huang MC, Hsu FL, Chang HF. Thiazinedione from Xanthium strumarium. Phytochemistry. 1998; 48(6):1083–1085. misc
4654750 13. Gautam R, Saklani A, Jachak SM. Indian medicinal plants as a source of antimycobacterial agents. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 110(2):200-34. misc
4654749 12. Chandel S, Bagai U, Vashishat N. Antiplasmodial activity of Xanthium strumarium against Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110(3):1179-83. misc
4654748 11. Shrivastava KS, Krisnamurthy RS, Haksar CN. J Sci Ind Res Sect B. 1957; 16: 427. misc
4654747 10. Ladynina EA. Wisdom of Herbs, Herbal Cures and Homeopathy [in Russian], AIF Print, Moscow. 2003; 216–217. misc
4654746 9. Makhlayuk VP. Medicinal Plants in Folk Medicine [in Russian], Povolzhskoe Kn. Izd. Saratov. 1991; 131-132. misc
4654745 8. Plant resources of Russia, Wild Flowering Plants, Their Quantitative Composition and Biological Activity [in Russian]. Vol. 5. Part 2. St. Petersburg, Moscow. 2013; 139-141. misc
4654744 7. Flora of the Ussr [In Russian]. Vol. 25. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. 1959; 521. misc
4654743 6. Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island, Vol. 5. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh; 1975. misc
4654742 5. Oudhia P, Dixit A. Weeds in Ambimkapur region (Madhya Pradesh) and their traditional use. Weed News. 1994; 1:19-21. misc
4654741 3. Love D, Dansureau P. Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Can J Bot. 1959; 37:173-208. 4. Prain D. Bengal plants-II, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1903; 607-608. misc
4654740 2. Caius JF. Medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Pbl Sci Publ Jodhpur India. 1986; 375-376. misc
4654739 1. Weaver SE, Lechowich MJ. The biology of Canadian weeds. 56. Xanthium strumarium L. J Plant Sci. 1982; 63:211-225.